{"id":665,"date":"2023-12-05T20:45:00","date_gmt":"2023-12-05T20:45:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/?p=665"},"modified":"2024-02-08T01:00:14","modified_gmt":"2024-02-08T01:00:14","slug":"page-140","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/?p=665","title":{"rendered":"Page 140"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Chloroplasts<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The chloroplasts (Greek: chl\u00f6r\u00f3s<\/em> \u2014 green and plast\u00f3s<\/em> \u2014 formation,
creation, reproduction, modellation) are the most spread plastids in living
nature. They are obligatory organelles in all photosynthesizing cells. In the
different types of cells they vary in shape, number and size.
Also there exist other kinds of plastids \u2014 colourless (proplastids,
leucoplastids and ethioplastids) and coloured (chromoplasts). They are less
spread. The leucoplastids are colourless, with indefinite shape in most
cases. They are present in the cells of colourless parts of the plants,
epidermis, tubers, etc. They participate in the secondary synthesis of
starch, reserve proteins and lipids. The chloroplasts are coloured in yellow,
orange, red or brown. They are found in ripe fruits, leaves, algae, etc. They
contain different pigments. Phycoerythrin and phycocyanin are more known
of them. For example, the pigment lycopene from carotenoid group
determines the red colour of tomatoes.
It is known that after a complex reorganization of the inner
membranes, leucoplasts can turn into chloroplasts (turning green of potato
tubers), and chloroplasts \u2014 into chromoplasts (root fruits of carrots, the
leaves of trees in autumn, etc.). For a long time these frequently observed
facts have posed the question of the genetic relationship of the three types
of plastids, capable to change from one kind into another.
Usually chloroplasts are elliptic small bodies, 5\u201410 \u03bcm in length, with
a diameter of 2\u20143 \u03bcm. In one cell from a plant leaves one can find 15\u201420
or more chloroplasts, and in some algae \u2014 1\u20142 giant chloroplasts of
different shape (Figs. 2\u201367, 2\u201368).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

image<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Figure 2\u201367. Electron micrograph of a mesophilic cell from a pea leaf \r\n(Pisum sativum<\/em>). Bar 0.5 \u03bcm (Courtesy of S. Doncheva and V. \r\nVassileva, Institute of Plant Physiology, Sofia).\ne \u2014 outer membrane; m \u2014 intermembrane space; i \u2014 inner membrane; g \u2014 \r\ngran; o \u2014 osmophilic globule; S \u2014 stroma; TS \u2014 thylakoids of the stroma. <\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Chloroplasts The chloroplasts (Greek: chl\u00f6r\u00f3s \u2014 green and plast\u00f3s \u2014 formation,creation, reproduction, modellation) are the most spread plastids in livingnature. They are obligatory organelles in all photosynthesizing cells. In thedifferent types of cells they vary in shape, number and size.Also there exist other kinds of plastids \u2014 colourless (proplastids,leucoplastids and ethioplastids) and coloured (chromoplasts). They […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-665","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-book"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/665","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=665"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/665\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":674,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/665\/revisions\/674"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=665"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=665"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=665"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}