{"id":675,"date":"2023-12-05T21:04:00","date_gmt":"2023-12-05T21:04:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/?p=675"},"modified":"2024-02-08T01:01:31","modified_gmt":"2024-02-08T01:01:31","slug":"page-141","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/?p=675","title":{"rendered":"Page 141"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Like some other organelles, the chloroplasts possess an envelope
consisting of outer and inner membrane. The inner membrane
separates a homogeneous medium (stroma). In the stroma there are
located two kinds of thylakoid membranes \u2014 thylakoids of grans
and thylakoids of stroma. The thylakoids of grans are arranged like
coins, one on top of the other, and form chloroplast grans. The
thylakoids of stroma connect the grans one with another or do not get
in touch with them. The thylakoids of grans contain the \u201cmiraculous\u201d molecule
chlorophyll (Fig. 2\u201369), proteins, lipids, carotenoids, etc. that form
peculiar antennae (light-accumulating complexes). These complexes
are fixed to the thylakoid membranes through specific protein
melecules and serve to collect the quantums of light energy, which is
transmitted to the reaction centres. The reaction centres, together with
the donors and acceptors of electrons, are the most important
structural units of the two photosystems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

image<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Figure 2\u201368. Electron micrograph of a \rgiant chloroplast in unicellular alga \r\nChlamydomonas<\/em> (After De Robertis et \ral., 1973). \r\n1 \u2014 gran; 2 \u2014 pyrenoid; 3 \u2014 dictyosome; 4 \u2014 flagellum; 5 \u2014 membrane; \r\n6 \u2014 cell wall; 7 \u2014 nucleus; 8 \u2014 outer \r membrane of the chloroplasts; 9 \u2014 \rvacuole.<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
The energy accumulated in themis used for photolysis
of water with oxygen releasing and forming NADP.H\u2082 
and ATP, which participate in the reduction of CO\u2082 in organic compounds.
The released molecular oxygen (O\u2082) takes part in the oxidative
phosphorylation in mitochondria, i.e. in the process of respiration, in which
highly energetic molecules are synthetized.
Photosynthesis represented by the general equation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
is the greatest creative process in
the living nature. It is not only a unique mechanism of synthesizing organic
compounds, but it has created the prerequisites for the appearance and
development of aerobic metabolism, that has led to increase of the variety
of living organisms. These questions were discussed in more detail in
Chapter 1 (Metabolism).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Like some other organelles, the chloroplasts possess an envelopeconsisting of outer and inner membrane. The inner membraneseparates a homogeneous medium (stroma). In the stroma there arelocated two kinds of thylakoid membranes \u2014 thylakoids of gransand thylakoids of stroma. The thylakoids of grans are arranged likecoins, one on top of the other, and form chloroplast grans. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-675","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-book"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/675","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=675"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/675\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":681,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/675\/revisions\/681"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=675"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=675"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=675"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}