{"id":877,"date":"2023-12-12T20:36:26","date_gmt":"2023-12-12T20:36:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/?p=877"},"modified":"2023-12-12T20:36:27","modified_gmt":"2023-12-12T20:36:27","slug":"page-222","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/?p=877","title":{"rendered":"Page 222"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">The cloning is much more widely spread in plant organisms. At<br>present, somatic embryogenesis is one of the main methods of<br>regenerating whole plants from tissue and cell cultures cultivated in <em>vitro.<\/em><br>As phenomenon, the somatic embryogenesis is observed first in a<br>suspension (Steward et al., 1958 a, b) and callus (Reinert, 1959) of carrots.<br>Now it is established in more than 100 plant species and became a<br>promising method for intensive developing the production of numerous<br>important agricultural crops. Some authors divide it into direct and indirect.<br>The direct somatic embryogenesis is realized without callusogenesis. In<br>contrast to it, in indirect embryogenesis the cells should be dedifferentiated<br>to form callus and then to be induced and form embryoids.<br>Independently whether it is direct or indirect, the beginning of somatic<br>embryogenesis is preceded by cell division, leading to the formation of<br>spheric structures, called <strong>globules<\/strong>, from which the new explants are<br>formed. An illustration of this process is given in Figure 4\u20135. A regeneration<br>of plants can be also obtained from protoplast cultures (cell population with<br>disintegrated cell walls), as well as by using other <em>in vitro<\/em> techniques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>image<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>image<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>image<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>image<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse has-text-align-center\">Figure 4\u20135. Regeneration of a whole plant from a somatic cell of \r\ntobacco (<em>Nicotiana tabacum<\/em>) on medium for direct organogenesis, at a \r\ndefinite proportion of growth regulators \u2014 auxins and cytokinins \r\n(Courtesy of S. B. Slavov, Institute of Genetic Engineering, \r\nKostinbrod). \r\na \u2014 leaf explants; b \u2014 beginning of regeneration; c \u2014 shaped \r\nregenerated plant; d \u2014 in vitro rooting of a shaped plant.<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The cloning is much more widely spread in plant organisms. Atpresent, somatic embryogenesis is one of the main methods ofregenerating whole plants from tissue and cell cultures cultivated in vitro.As phenomenon, the somatic embryogenesis is observed first in asuspension (Steward et al., 1958 a, b) and callus (Reinert, 1959) of carrots.Now it is established in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-877","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-book"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/877","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=877"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/877\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":893,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/877\/revisions\/893"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=877"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=877"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cellandcelldivision.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=877"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}